First blog question

1. Define the meaning of the terms data, information and knowledge according to Thomas Davenport's Information Hierarchy (1997).
Data are conceived of as "sensory stimuli, which we perceive through our senses", or "signal readings", including "sensor and/or sensory readings of light, sound, smell, taste, and touch". Others have argued that what Zins calls subjective data actually count as a "signal" tier

Information meets the definition for knowledge by description ("information is contained in descriptions ), and is differentiated from data in that it is "useful". "Information is inferred from data", in the process of answering interrogative questions (e.g., "who", "what", "where", "how many", "when"), thereby making the data useful for "decisions and/or action". "Classically," states a recent text, "information is defined as data that are endowed with meaning and purpose."

Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight and grounded intuition that provides an environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. It originates and is applied in the minds of knower. In organizations it often becomes embedded not only in documents and repositories but also in organizational routines, processes, practices and norms.
2. What are the characteristics of the above terms?

data "are characterized as phenomena in the universal domain". "Apparently," and "it is more useful to relate to the data, information, and knowledge as sets of signs rather than as meaning and its building blocks".

Information is characterized as representing "a state of awareness (consciousness) and the physical manifestations they form", such that "information, as a phenomena, represents both a process and a product; a cognitive/affective state, and the physical counterpart (product of) the cognitive/affective state."

Knowledge is characterized by the individual’s justifiable belief that it is true, while “knowing” is a state of mind which is characterized by the three conditions: (1) the individual believes that it is true, (2) S/he can justify it, and (3) It is true, or it appears to be true.3. Give and example for each term mentioned above.
Data is like the words.

Information is like the words connect in a sequence, and have meaning in communication.

Knowledge is like the information during communication is meaningful, it can be using in making decision and giving suggest.
4. Is there any possibility of a fourth level of Information Hierarchy? Elaborate.

wisdom as "know-why", but later refined his definitions, so as to differentiate "why do" (wisdom) from "why is" (information), and expanding his definition to include a form of know-what ("what to do, act or carry out").

Ackoff refers to understanding as an "appreciation of 'why'", and wisdom as "evaluated understanding", where understanding is posited as a discrete layer between knowledge and wisdom. Adler had previously also included an understanding tier, while other authors have depicted understanding as a dimension in relation to which DIKW is plotted. Rowley attributes the following definition of wisdom to Ackoff:

Wisdom is the ability to increase effectiveness. Wisdom adds value, which requires the mental function that we call judgment. The ethical and aesthetic values that this implies are inherent to the actor and are unique and personal.